JAMUR PATOGEN PADA TANAMAN PANGAN DAN HORTIKULTURA DI WILAYAH TROPIS KERING: KAJIAN LITERATUR TENTANG PATOGENESIS DAN STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN
Keywords:
Jamur Patogen, Tanaman Pangan, Hortikultura, Tropis Kering, Patogenesis, Pengendalian TerpaduAbstract
Jamur patogen merupakan kendala utama dalam produksi tanaman pangan dan hortikultura di wilayah tropis kering, menyebabkan penurunan hasil, kualitas, dan keberlanjutan sistem pertanian. Artikel ini merupakan review literatur sistematis yang bertujuan untuk merangkum keanekaragaman jamur patogen, mekanisme patogenesis, serta implikasinya terhadap strategi pengendalian penyakit. Kajian mencakup patogen daun, pascapanen, dan tular tanah atau vaskular, seperti Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria spp., Curvularia spp., dan Colletotrichum spp. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa patogen daun dan pascapanen menyebabkan kerusakan lokal melalui penetrasi epidermis, enzim degradasi dinding sel, dan toksin, sedangkan patogen tular tanah dan vaskular mampu mengkolonisasi jaringan xilem, menimbulkan gangguan sistemik, serta berpotensi menyebabkan kematian tanaman. Faktor lingkungan tropis kering termasuk fluktuasi kelembapan, kondisi tanah, praktik budidaya, dan sanitasi pascapanen memperkuat intensitas infeksi. Strategi pengendalian yang efektif harus bersifat terintegrasi dan adaptif, mencakup identifikasi patogen yang akurat, pengelolaan mikroklimat, rotasi tanaman, penggunaan agen hayati, serta metode deteksi dini dan karantina. Temuan ini memberikan pemahaman komprehensif mengenai interaksi patogen- inang-lingkungan, mendukung perumusan strategi pengendalian penyakit yang berkelanjutan pada agroekosistem tropis kering.Downloads
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